GA4 Users Defined: Active Users vs. Total Users vs. New Users and Returning Users

Updated: 3/5/24 Users are unique individuals who are doing things on your website or app. In this article, we’ll define GA4 users and demystify Active Users vs. Total Users vs. New Users vs. Returning Users.

We’ll also show how to build an audience of returning users. If you make it to the end, there’s a 1-page PDF with all of the consolidated information on all the user groups.

To understand GA4 users, we need to understand New Users, Total Users, Active Users, and Returning Users. Click each heading to go directly to each group of GA4 users, including where you see the metric in your reports and the technical definition.

Table of Contents

• Users in GA4 vs. UA
• GA4 New Users
• Total Users in GA4
• Active Users in GA4
• Active Users vs. Total Users
• Returning Users
• How to Create a Returning Users Audience
• Established Users
• Users FAQ

Let’s review in detail. Or kick back and click below for the same information in video format.

Users in GA4 vs. Users in Universal Analytics

Like many things in Google Analytics 4, the “Users” metric is different compared to the prior version of Google Analytics.

In Universal Analytics, there were New Users, Returning Users, and Total Users. This was pretty simple. The count of “New Users” plus the count of “Returning Users” was equal to the count of “Total Users.” Returning users were users that Google Analytics recognized by a tracking cookie in their web browser that had been placed during a prior visit to the same site.

In Google Analytics 4, the primary user metric is “Active Users.” In addition to “Active Users,” there are “New Users” and “Total Users.” And we can still see “Returning Users” but this dimension isn’t as easily accessible as it used to be.

Let’s explore where we can find all of these user groups in GA4 and explain how they are determined. We’ll start with “New Users.”

GA4 New Users

New users is the number of unique individuals who have not visited your site before.

If you go into your Acquisition reporting area within the GA4 standard reports, you’ll find New Users within the “User acquisition” report.

You can see this below for the Root and Branch GA4 property where the first column contains the “New users” dimension. The number is hidden, but there are 7,915 New Users on the site during the analysis time period.

How Are New Users Defined in GA4?

New Users are the number of people who interacted with your website or launched your app for the first time. It is a sum of the new unique user IDs that logged the first_visit or first_open event in GA4. The first_visit event is logged on both websites and Android apps, while the first_open event is logged on iOS apps. These events fire if Google Analytics 4 does not see a pre-existing Google Analytics cookie in the browser, so it recognizes that this is new visitor. You can read more from the Google support article if you’re interested.

How Are New Users Defined in UA?

In Universal Analytics, a New User is logged on a visit to your site when the visitor does not have a cookie present that identifies them as someone who has been on the site before. If they do have a cookie from Google Analytics from a prior visit to your site, the visitor will be categorized as a Returning User. All Users who are not Returning Users are New Users.

Total Users in GA4

Total users is the total number of unique individuals who visited your website or app during the time frame you’re analyzing. They are the total number of unique users who logged any kind of event during the time period in question.

You can find Total Users in your Event reporting in GA4. Click into the “Engagement” reporting area on the left-hand navigation and then select “Events.” This will show you a total list of all logged events during the time period in question. You’ll also see “Total Users,” which is used to calculate metrics like the one shown at the far right below: “Event count per user.”

As you can see, there were 8,362 Total users during the time period in question. It makes sense that this is more than the 7,915 New Users we saw previously, but it’s not as immediately obvious why it’s more than the Active Users. Keep reading below for the difference of total users vs. active users.

It is not accurate to assume that Total Users is the sum of New Users + Returning Users. The Total Users metric should be lower than the sum of New Users plus Returning Users. That’s because you have visitors who come to your site more than once during a given time period.

That visitor is one single user (1 Total User) but could also count as a new user (1 New User) and a returning user (1 Returning User) during the time period. Returning users that were previously counted as new users within the time period are not counted twice but only once in the Total Users metric.

GA4 Active Users

An “active user” is a visitor who satisfies at least 1 of 3 conditions: the visitor has had an engaged session OR fits the definition of an new user during the time period in question OR collects the engagement_time_msec parameter. Let’s define all three conditions:

1. Users with engaged sessions: An engaged session means the user engagement event fired, indicating the user either viewed multiple pages and / or had a conversion event and / or actively engaged with the page for at least 10 seconds.
2. New users: GA4 collects the first_visit event when it doesn’t spot a _ga cookie from a prior site visit.
3. Parameter engagement_time_msec is collected: This parameter is passed with events where active engagement time is logged.

Active Users is the primary user metric in Google Analytics 4. There are no Active Users in UA. This is new in GA4. Check out the big ‘ol “N/A” in the bottom left in the comparison report below from this Google article.

You’ll see active users in places like your Traffic Acquisition report (more on that below) and also in your Engagement overview, where you can see user activity over time.

Note: You can create a calculated metric with Total Users and Active Users to create a new users metric called Inactive (or Idle) users. These Inactive Users are returning visitors who logged the session_start event and had no other engagement. This can help to isolate the content and the traffic channels that are leading to your least valuable visits. This video tutorial shows how to do that.

Active Users Over Time in GA4

You can see User activity over time in the Engagement overview report. These are all Active users. Here’s what the chart means:

• In the preceding day there were 581 unique visitors who satisfied 1 or more of the 3 possible active user criteria
• In the preceding 7 days there were 3.9k unique visitors who satisfied 1 or more of the 3 possible active user criteria
• In the preceding 30 days there were 17k unique visitors who satisfied 1 or more of the 3 Active user definitions.

GA4 Active Users vs. Total Users

Your GA4 total user count will be greater than your GA4 active user count. That’s because the total users metric is defined by unique visitors who logged any kind of visit at all. While active users are the unique visitors who satisfy more stringent conditions. An active user user is either a new user, and / or a user with an engaged session, and / or a user who logged the engagement_time_msec parameter during their visit.

It’s possible to log an event (qualifying a user in the total users metric) without hitting 1 of the 3 conditions to be an active user. The specific situation would be if a returning user begins a session (triggering the session_start event but not the first_visit event), and then leaves before any engagement time is logged with the engagement_time_msec parameter.

It’s also pretty rare, which is why your active user count and your total user count should generally be quite close.

In the image below of the Traffic acquisition report, we can see there were 8,272 Active Users during the analysis time period. This compares to the 7,915 New Users and 8,362 Total Users we saw above.

You can use a custom metric if you’d like to track your Inactive Users. In this case, there would be 90 Inactive Users (8,362 Total Users – 8,272 Active Users = 90 Inactive Users).

GA4 Returning Users

A Returning User is a user who has been to your site (or app) before. There is limited data on Returning Users in GA4 standard reports. As we’ll see below, we can use the Explorations feature to build a custom report and get additional detail on our users who have previously visited on our site. We can also build an audience of our GA4 returning users for further analysis and remarketing.

In GA4 standard reports, the limited information that we do have on returning users is in the “Retention” reporting area. You can see that below in the red box. From there, you can toggle between “New users” vs. “Returning users” to have different information displayed in a chart. You can also see user retention by cohort and user engagement by cohort in this same section of standard reports.

You can do more with Returning users by using audiences in GA4.

How to Create a GA4 Audience of Returning Users

First, go to your Admin section using the gear icon in the bottom left of the screen. Then, click “Audiences” under your Data display settings.

Then, click “New audience” to create a new audience.

Then, click the button to “Create a custom audience.”

You can then create your custom audience.

Next, you will configure your returning users audience. Here’s how.

Configure Your GA4 Returning Users Audience

I gave my audience a name. You can see my creative name in the blue box in the top left.

I am including Users with the session_start event parameter. Check that out next to the green arrow. At the same time, I’m excluding users with the first_visit event parameter. This should give me all the users who are beginning a session a session during the duration window of the audience who aren’t there for the first time. In other words, the returning users.

As you can see in the green box in the bottom right, this audience segment represents 21.6% of all users on the Root & Branch and accounts for 37.3% of all sessions.

You can finish creating your audience by setting your membership duration. You can see I’ve set this for 30 days. Please note: the preview box in the bottom right (in green) will show you 30 days worth of data regardless of what length you set for your audience membership duration.

Update: Google added its own functionality for New and Returning Users if you don’t want to create your own. Check the June 5, 2023 update if you want more info.

Established Users vs. New in GA4 Explorations

One other way to report on returning users in GA4 is to use the Explorations reporting feature and the predefined “New / established” user dimension. You can create a custom report with this dimension to separate your users into New vs. Returning (established) users. When we use this particular dimension, we need to keep Google’s definition in mind, that established users first visited more than 7 days ago. Here it is below. So this is a different definition than a “normal” returning users definition, but you can certainly still use it should it suit your purposes.

Let’s see how to do that.

First, click into the “Explore” reporting area from the left-hand GA4 navigation.

Then, click the plus button to create a new exploration.

Now, it’s time to build your exploration.

The key is to add the “New / established” dimension to your report. You can see that I have added this in the solid red box in the image below at left. If you hit the small plus sign immediately above that dimension, you can search for “New / established” to add this dimension to your own report.

In this report, I’ve added metrics like Sessions, Conversions, Average engagement time per session, and Session conversion rate. I’ve also added Landing page as an additional dimension, so I can view performance by page for New vs. Returning users. You can add whatever combination of metrics and dimensions you need for your reporting needs. But you’ll be able to separate you audience into groups of “new” vs. “established” (returning) users as you can see in the red dashed boxes.

Pro Tip: You can also use the ga_session_number event parameter that is passed with the session_start event to create segments and audiences based on how many times your users have been on your site. Check out the previously linked resource to see how.

GA4 Users: One Page Resource

If you want a consolidated view of New Users, Active Users, Total Users, Returning Users, and the New vs. Established users dimension, you’ve come to the right place.

You can get the free download below.

GA4 Users Grid – Root and Branch

Users FAQ

Some common questions about GA4 users.

How to Find Unique Visitors in Google Analytics

All users metrics in Google Analytics 4 report on unique visitors. The question is how do you want to look at those unique visitors?

• unique visitors who came to your site for the first time? You want to see new users.
• unique visitors who have been to your site before and are back again? You want to see returning users.
• unique visitors who actively engaged on your site? You want to see active users.
• unique visitors who came to your site regardless of whether or not they engaged? You want to look at your total users.

How to See New Users in GA4

You can find GA4 new users in the “User acquisition” standard report. You can also build a custom exploration and pull in the “New users” metric to your report.

How to See Returning Users in GA4

You can find GA4 returning users in the “Retention” standard report. You can also build a custom exploration and pull in the “Returning users” metric.

What Don’t New Users Plus Returning Users Equal Total Users?

The same user can visit your site multiple times during a given date range. It’s possible a visitor could be both a new user and a returning user during a given time frame. When that happens, that same user will count as new user on their first visit (1 new user) and a returning user on their second visit (1 returning user). But they will also count as 1 total user, not 2 total users.

GA4 Users vs. New Users

The default users metric in GA4 is “Active users”, so GA4 users vs. new users is really a question of comparing active users to new users. New users are unique individuals who are visiting your site or app for the first time (i.e. Google Analytics doesn’t recognize a pre-existing cookie in their browser). Active users include all new users and also include all unique individuals who were “active” during the time period in question. A user can count as active if they had at least one session where they viewed multiple pages or had a conversion or spent at least 10 seconds engaging with a page.

What Else Do I Need to Know About GA4?

If you have 1 hour to invest, this comprehensive beginner’s tutorial will teach you Google Analytics and get your property installed and configured correctly.

If you are confident that you have the big picture down, here are a couple targeted resources that should make things easier for you. Feel free to check out the linked blogs and video tutorials.

Event Parameters in GA4

A “parameter” is a piece of data that adds additional context to a web interaction (an “event”). For example, the GA4 click event will register and record data each time an external link click occurs. But if you want to see additional information like the specific link that was clicked or the text of the link that was clicked, you’re talking about event parameters.

Event parameters are handled very differently in GA4 than in UA. And any comprehensive understanding of reporting requires understanding GA4 event parameters.

Campaign Reporting With UTMs in GA4

Do you know how to access your UTM tagged campaign traffic in GA4? This is necessary to track how your marketing campaigns are performing. It’s also useful for measuring traffic mediums (like email) that Google Analytics can’t classify on its own. Parameters like utm_content and utm_term were only added in July of 2022. In other words, effective campaign reporting is a relatively new feature in GA4. Check out the guide to Google Analytics 4 UTM parameters here.

Looking for something else? Feel free to leave a note in the comments or on the Root and Branch YouTube channel at youtube.com/@rooted-digital. We’re always looking for new ideas.

Wrapping Up

Thank you for reading. If you found this helpful, you might consider signing up for the free monthly newsletter or clicking to subscribe to the Root and Branch YouTube channel.

About Root & Branch

Root & Branch believes good data can help us make better decisions. We have a focus on data collection and analysis with tools like Google Analytics, Google Tag Manager, and Microsoft Clarity, along with SEO. You can learn more here.